Busniess Vactionfashion Design Sketch Business Vacation Fashion Design Sketch

Art of applying design and aesthetics to clothing and accessories

Fashion designers in 1974 in Dresden.

Fashion pattern is the art of applying blueprint, aesthetics, wearable construction and natural beauty to wearable and its accessories. It is influenced past culture and unlike trends, and has varied over time and place. "A fashion designer creates clothing, including dresses, suits, pants, and skirts, and accessories like shoes and handbags, for consumers. He or she tin can specialize in vesture, accompaniment, or jewelry design, or may work in more than than one of these areas."^[1]

Fashion designers typically use a track of models to showcase their piece of work.

Style designers [edit]

Way designers work in a diversity of unlike ways when designing their pieces and accessories such as rings, bracelets, necklaces and earrings. Because of the time required to put a garment out in market place, designers must conceptualize changes to consumer desires. Way designers are responsible for creating looks for individual garments, involving shape, colour, fabric, trimming, and more.^[2]  Fashion designers play a major role in our world. Their talent and vision play a big office on how people present themselves.

Designers conduct research on manner trends and interpret them for their audience. Their specific designs are used past manufacturers. This is the essence of a designer's role; even so, at that place is variation inside this that is determined past the buying and merchandising approach. When thinking of product quality control budget retailers use cheap fabrics to have a quick turn around on production, merely high-end retailers will ensure that the best available fabrics are used and lots of fourth dimension is utilized.^[three]

Fashion designers attempt to design apparel which are functional also as aesthetically pleasing. They consider who is likely to wear a garment and the situations in which it will be worn, and they work within a wide range of materials, colors, patterns and styles. Though most vesture worn for everyday wear falls inside a narrow range of conventional styles, unusual garments are usually sought for special occasions such every bit evening wear or political party dresses.

Some clothes are made specifically for an individual, equally in the case of haute couture or bespoke tailoring. Today, most clothing is designed for the mass marketplace, particularly casual and every-day wear are called set up to habiliment or known as fast mode.

Teaching [edit]

To get a way designer at that place is grooming and certifications that volition help you succeed in this profession. Nevertheless, you don't demand a college degree, just experience and dearest for fashion is platonic in this industry. An associates or bachelors caste in manner design would aid in this success. "As a style design major, you will take classes in color, textiles, sewing and tailoring, pattern making, way history, and computer-aided design (CAD) and learn about dissimilar types of wearable such every bit menswear or footwear " .^[2] When receiving education it will aid new fashion designers understand every important detail in way and designing clothes and footwear. As well, information technology will exist beneficial for new fashion designers to consummate an internship, it will requite new style designers adept experiences while assisting a fashion designer and have access to the world of fashion.

Structure [edit]

Fashion designers may work full-time for one fashion house, every bit 'in-firm designers', which owns the designs, or they work alone or as part of a squad. Freelance designers work for themselves, selling their designs to fashion houses, directly to shops, or to vesture manufacturers. Most fashion designers gear up their own labels, nether which their designs are marketed. While others are cocky-employed and design for private clients. Other high-end fashion designers cater to specialty stores or loftier-stop way department stores. These designers create original garments, as well every bit those that follow established style trends. Well-nigh mode designers, however, piece of work for apparel manufacturers, creating designs of men's, women's, and children'southward fashions for the mass market. Large designer brands which have a 'name' as their brand such equally Abercrombie & Fitch, Justice, or Juicy are likely to exist designed by a team of individual designers under the direction of a design director.

Designing a garment [edit]

Way designers work in different ways. Some sketch their ideas on paper, while others drape material on a dress form, another term for mannequine. When a designer is completely satisfied with the fit of the toile (or muslin), they will consult a professional pattern maker who then makes the finished, working version of the design out of card or via a computer program. Finally, a sample garment is made up and tested on a model to make certain it is an operational outfit.

History [edit]

Fashion design is mostly considered to take started in the 19th century with Charles Frederick Worth who was the start designer to take his label sewn into the garments that he created. Earlier the former draper set up his maison couture (style house) in Paris, article of clothing pattern and creation was handled past largely anonymous seamstresses, and high fashion descended from that worn at imperial courts. Worth'southward success was such that he was able to dictate to his customers what they should wear, instead of following their lead as earlier dressmakers had washed. The term couturier was in fact first created in order to depict him. While all articles of wearable from any time menstruum are studied by academics as costume design, simply habiliment created after 1858 is considered every bit fashion design.^[4]

It was during this period that many pattern houses began to hire artists to sketch or paint designs for garments. The images were shown to clients, which was much cheaper than producing an actual sample garment in the workroom. If the client liked their blueprint, they ordered it and the resulting garment fabricated money for the business firm. Thus, the tradition of designers sketching out garment designs instead of presenting completed garments on models to customers began as an economic system.

Types of style [edit]

Garments produced by clothing manufacturers fall into three main categories, although these may exist separate into additional, different types

Haute couture [edit]

Until the 1950s, way clothing was predominately designed and manufactured on a made-to-measure out or haute couture basis (French for high-sewing), with each garment existence created for a specific client. A couture garment is made to order for an individual customer, and is normally made from high-quality, expensive material, sewn with extreme attention to detail and finish, oft using time-consuming, paw-executed techniques. Look and fit have priority over the toll of materials and the time it takes to make.^{[five] [vi]} Due to the high cost of each garment, haute couture makes piddling direct profit for the style houses, but is important for prestige and publicity.^[vii]

Ready-to-vesture (prêt-à-porter) [edit]

Ready-to-wear, or prêt-à-porter, apparel are a cantankerous between haute couture and mass market. They are not made for individual customers, simply corking care is taken in the option and cut of the fabric. Apparel are fabricated in small quantities to guarantee exclusivity, so they are rather expensive. Ready-to-article of clothing collections are usually presented past fashion houses each season during a period known equally Fashion Week. This takes place on a citywide footing and occurs twice a twelvemonth. The main seasons of Fashion Week include: spring/summer, fall/wintertime, resort, swim, and bridal.

One-half-way garments are an culling to set-to-clothing, "off-the-peg", or prêt-à-porter fashion. Half-way garments are intentionally unfinished pieces of wearable that encourages co-pattern between the "primary designer" of the garment, and what would usually exist considered, the passive "consumer".^[8] This differs from set up-to-wear style, as the consumer is able to participate in the process of making and co-designing their clothing. During the Make{able} workshop, Hirscher and Niinimaki found that personal involvement in the garment-making process created a meaningful "narrative" for the user, which established a person-production attachment and increased the sentimental value of the final product.^[viii]

Otto von Busch also explores half-mode garments and style co-blueprint in his thesis, "Fashion-able, Hacktivism and engaged Mode Design".^[9]

Mass market [edit]

Currently, the mode industry relies more than on mass-market place sales. The mass market caters for a wide range of customers, producing ready-to-wearable garments using trends set by the famous names in style. They often wait effectually a flavor to make certain a style is going to take hold of on earlier producing their versions of the original look. To save money and time, they use cheaper fabrics and simpler production techniques which can hands exist done past machines. The end production can, therefore, exist sold much more cheaply.^{[10] [11] [12]}

At that place is a type of design called "kutch" originated from the German word kitschig, pregnant "trashy" or "non aesthetically pleasing". Kitsch tin also refer to "wearing or displaying something that is therefore no longer in fashion".^[thirteen]

Income [edit]

Median annual wages for salaried fashion designers were $61,160 in May 2008. The middle fifty percent earned betwixt $42,150 and $87,120.^[14] The lowest 10 percent earned less than $32,150, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $124,780. Median annual earnings were $52,860 (£40,730.47) in apparel, piece goods, and notions - the industry employing the largest numbers of fashion designers.^[15] Every bit of 2016^[update],a mode designer'south median annual salary was $65,170. High cease designers can earn around $92,550. In 2016, 23,800 people were counted as style designers in the Usa.^[xvi]

World fashion industry [edit]

Fashion today is a global industry, and most major countries take a mode industry. 7 countries have established an international reputation in mode: France, Italy, United Kingdom, United states of america, Japan, Germany and Kingdom of belgium. The "big iv" mode capitals of the fashion industry are Paris, Milan, New York City and London with Paris often being considered as the World's fashion capital.^{[17] [xviii]}

U.s. [edit]

Manner show at a fashion designing college, US, 2015

Most fashion houses in the United States are based in New York Urban center, with a loftier concentration centered in the Garment District neighborhood. On the US west coast, there is also a meaning number of fashion houses in Los Angeles, where a substantial per centum of high mode clothing manufactured in the United States is actually made. Beverly Hills, particularly on Rodeo Drive, is globally renowned for its fashion blueprint and prestigious shopping. Burgeoning industries in Miami, Chicago, Dallas, and especially San Francisco have developed also. A semi-almanac effect held every February and September, New York Fashion Week, is the oldest of the four major fashion weeks held throughout the globe. Parsons The New Schoolhouse for Design, located in the Greenwich Hamlet neighborhood of Lower Manhattan in New York Urban center, is considered one of the top fashion schools in the world. In that location are numerous fashion magazines published in the United States and distributed to a global readership. Examples include Vogue, Harper'due south Bazaar, and Cosmopolitan.

American fashion blueprint is highly diverse, reflecting the enormous ethnic diversity of the population, but is largely dominated by a clean-cut, urban, hip artful, and often favors a more casual style, reflecting the athletic, wellness-conscious lifestyles of the suburban and urban center classes.

Famous American brands and designers include Calvin Klein, Ralph Lauren, Coach, Nike, Vans, Marc Jacobs, Tommy Hilfiger, DKNY, Tom Ford, Caswell-Massey, Michael Kors, Levi Strauss and Co., Estée Lauder, Revlon, Kate Spade, Alexander Wang, Vera Wang, Victoria'south Secret, Tiffany and Co., Converse, Oscar de la Renta, John Varvatos, Anna Sui, Prabal Gurung, Bill Blass, Halston, Carhartt, Brooks Brothers, Stuart Weitzman, Diane von Furstenberg, J. Crew, American Eagle Outfitters, Steve Madden, Abercrombie and Fitch, Juicy Couture, Thom Browne, Estimate, Supreme, and The Timberland Company.

Belgium [edit]

In the late 1980s and early on 1990s, Belgian way designers brought a new mode image that mixed East and West, and brought a highly individualised, personal vision on fashion. Well known Belgian designers are the Antwerp Six: Ann Demeulemeester, Dries Van Noten, Dirk Bikkembergs, Dirk Van Saene, Walter Van Beirendonck and Marina Yee, besides as Maison Martin Margiela, Raf Simons, Kris Van Assche, Bruno Pieters, Anthony Vaccarello.^[nineteen]

United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland [edit]

London has long been the majuscule of the United Kingdom fashion industry and has a broad range of strange designs which accept integrated with modern British styles. Typical, British design is smart but innovative yet recently has become more and more unconventional, fusing traditional styles with modern techniques. Vintage styles play an of import office in the British style and styling industry. Stylists regularly 'mix and match' the old with the new, which gives British style that unique, bohemian aesthetic that many of the other fashion capitals try to imitate. Irish gaelic way (both blueprint and styling) is as well heavily influenced past fashion trends from United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland. Well known British designers are Thomas Burberry, Alfred Dunhill, Paul Smith, Vivienne Westwood, Stella McCartney, John Galliano, John Richmond, Alexander McQueen, Matthew Williamson, Gareth Pugh, Hussein Chalayan.

France [edit]

Most French mode houses are in Paris, which is the uppercase of French mode. Traditionally, French mode is chic and stylish, divers past its sophistication, cut, and smart accessories. French manner is internationally acclaimed.

Espana [edit]

Madrid and Barcelona are the main manner cities of Spain. Spanish fashion is oft more conservative and traditional but likewise more 'timeless' than other way cultures. Spaniards are known not to have great risks when dressing.^{[twenty] [21]} Nonetheless, many are the fashion brands and designers coming from Kingdom of spain.

The most notable luxury houses are Loewe and Balenciaga. Famous designers include Manolo Blahnik, Elio Berhanyer, Cristóbal Balenciaga, Paco Rabanne, Adolfo Domínguez, Manuel Pertegaz, Jesús del Pozo, Felipe Varela and Agatha Ruiz de la Prada.

Espana is also habitation to large fashion brands such as Zara, Massimo Dutti, Bershka, Pull&Bear, Mango, Desigual, Pepe Jeans and Camper.

Frg [edit]

Berlin is the middle of manner in Germany (prominently displayed at Berlin Way Week), while Düsseldorf holds Europe's largest fashion merchandise fairs with Igedo. Other of import centres of the scene are Munich, Hamburg, and Cologne. High german way is famed for its elegant lines as well equally anarchistic immature designs and the neat variety of styles.

Italy [edit]

Milan is Italy'southward fashion upper-case letter. Most of the older Italian couturiers are in Rome. However, Milan and Florence are the Italian fashion capitals, and it is the exhibition venue for their collections. Italian mode features casual and glamorous elegance. In Italia Milan Mode week takes places twices a week in Feb and September. Milan Mode week puts way in the spotlight and celebrates it in the heart of Milan with fashion lovers, buyers and media.

^[22]

Japan [edit]

Most Japanese fashion houses are in Tokyo. The Japanese look is loose and unstructured (oft resulting from complicated cutting), colours tend to the sombre and subtle, and richly textured fabrics. Famous Japanese designers include Kenzo Takada, Issey Miyake, Yohji Yamamoto and Rei Kawakubo.

China [edit]

Hong Kong clothing brand Shanghai Tang'south design concept is inspired by Chinese vesture and set out to rejuvenate Chinese manner of the 1920s and 30s, with a mod twist of the 21st century and its usage of bright colours.^[23]

Soviet Wedlock [edit]

Style in the Soviet Union largely followed general trends of the Western world. Still, the state's socialist credo consistently moderated and influenced these trends. In addition, shortages of consumer goods meant that the general public did non accept prepare access to pre-made fashion.

Switzerland [edit]

Nigh of the Swiss fashion houses are in Zürich.^[24] The Swiss expect is casual elegant and luxurious with a slight touch of quirkiness. Additionally, information technology has been greatly influenced by the dance guild scene.

Mexico [edit]

In the development of Mexican indigenous dress, the fabrication was determined past the materials and resources that are available in specific regions, impacting the "fabric, shape and construction of a people'south article of clothing".^[25] Textiles were created from found fibers including cotton and agave. Class status differentiated what material was worn. Mexican wearing apparel was influenced by geometric shapes to create the silhouettes. Huipil a blouse characterized by a "loose, sleeveless tunic fabricated of 2 or three joined webs of cloth sewn lengthwise"^[26] is an important historical garment, often seen today. Afterwards the Spanish Conquest, traditional Mexican wear shifted to take a Spanish resemblance.

Mexican indigenous groups rely on specific embroidery and colors to differentiate themselves from each other.^[27]

Mexican Pink is a significant color to the identity of Mexican art and blueprint and general spirit. The term "Rosa Mexicano" as described by Ramón Valdiosera was established by prominent figures such as Dolores del Río and designer Ramón Val in New York.^[27]

When newspapers and magazines such as El Imparcial and El Mundo Ilustrado circulated in United mexican states, became a significant move, as it informed the big cities, such as Mexico Urban center, of European fashions. This encouraged the founding of section stores, changing the existent pace of manner.^[28] With access to European mode and dress, those with high social status relied on adopting those elements to distinguish themselves from the balance. Juana Catarina Romero was a successful entrepreneur and pioneer in this movement.

Malaysia [edit]

In Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur is the major fashion and production city.^[29] and Malaysia Way Week^[30]

Style blueprint terms [edit]

• A way designer conceives garment combinations of line, proportion, colour, and texture. While sewing and design-making skills are beneficial, they are not a pre-requisite of successful fashion design. Nigh fashion designers are formally trained or apprenticed.
• A technical designer works with the design team and the factories overseas to ensure correct garment construction, appropriate fabric choices and a good fit. The technical designer fits the garment samples on a fit model, and decides which fit and structure changes to brand before mass-producing the garment.
• A design maker (also referred every bit blueprint primary or pattern cutter) drafts the shapes and sizes of a garment'due south pieces. This may be done manually with paper and measuring tools or by using a CAD computer software plan. Another method is to mantle fabric directly onto a dress form. The resulting pattern pieces can be synthetic to produce the intended design of the garment and required size. Formal preparation is normally required for working as a pattern marker.
• A tailor makes custom designed garments made to the client's measure; especially suits (coat and trousers, jacket and skirt, et cetera). Tailors commonly undergo an apprenticeship or other formal preparation.
• A textile designer designs fabric weaves and prints for clothes and furnishings. Nearly textile designers are formally trained as apprentices and in school.
• A stylist co-ordinates the clothes, jewelry, and accessories used in way photography and catwalk presentations. A stylist may also work with an individual client to design a coordinated wardrobe of garments. Many stylists are trained in fashion design, the history of fashion, and historical costume, and have a high level of expertise in the current mode market and future market trends. Yet, some merely have a strong aesthetic sense for pulling great looks together.
• A fashion buyer selects and buys the mix of vesture available in retail shops, section stores, and chain stores. Almost manner buyers are trained in business and/or fashion studies.
• A seamstress sews set up-to-wearable or mass-produced clothing past hand or with a sewing machine, either in a garment shop or as a sewing machine operator in a factory. She (or he) may non have the skills to make (blueprint and cut) the garments, or to fit them on a model.
• A dressmaker specializes in custom-made women'southward clothes: day, cocktail, and evening dresses, concern wearing apparel and suits, trousseaus, sports dress, and lingerie.
• A fashion forecaster predicts what colours, styles and shapes will be popular ("on-trend") before the garments are on sale in stores.
• A model wears and displays clothes at fashion shows and in photographs.
• A fit model aids the fashion designer by wearing and commenting on the fit of wearing apparel during their design and pre-manufacture. Fit models need to be a detail size for this purpose.
• A fashion announcer writes style articles describing the garments presented or fashion trends, for magazines or newspapers.

See also [edit]

• Fashion
• Style accessory
• Fashion blueprint copyright
• Haute couture
• History of fashion blueprint
• History of western fashion
• List of fashion designers
• List of mode teaching programs
• Listing of fashion topics
• Runway (fashion)
• Sustainable way
• Material blueprint
• Western dress codes

References [edit]

1. ^ McKay, Dawn Rosenberg. "What Does a Fashion Designer Do?". the balance careers. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
2. ^ ^{a b} Sterlacci, Francesca. "What Is a Fashion Designer?". Love to Know. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
3. ^ Hebrero, Miguel (2015-10-15). Fashion Ownership and Merchandising: From mass-market to luxury retail. Printed in the USA: CreateSpace. ISBN9781517632946.
4. ^ "mode industry | Pattern, Fashion Shows, Marketing, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2020-10-14 .
5. ^ "What is Haute Couture?". Haute Couture Hot. HauteCoutureNews.com. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
6. ^ Pauline Weston Thomas. "Haute Couture Way History" (Commodity). Way-Era.com. Mode-Era.com. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
7. ^ "Haute couture: Making a loss is the height of mode". telegraph.co.uk.
8. ^ ^{a b} Hirscher and Niinimaki. Fashion Activism through Participatory Design. 10th European Academy of Pattern Conference, Crafting the Future, April 2013, Helinski, Finland. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304354045_Fashion_Activism_through_Participatory_Design
9. ^ von Busch, O. Mode-able, Hacktivism and engaged Fashion Design, PhD Thesis, Schoolhouse of Blueprint and Crafts (HDK), Gothenburg. 2008, https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/17941/3/gupea_2077_17941_3.pdf.
10. ^ Catherine Valenti (1 May 2012). "Designers Flock to Mass-Market Retailers" (Article). ABC News . Retrieved xiii May 2012.
11. ^ Sameer Reddy (31 October 2008). "Out from Underground" (Commodity). The Daily Beast. Newsweek Magazine. Retrieved thirteen May 2012.
12. ^ Stephania Lara (22 June 2010). "Mass marketplace broached by high-stop way". The Prospector. Higher Media Network. Archived from the original (Article) on 2 November 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
13. ^ Bethan Cole (2 May 2012). "Kitsch pickings" (Commodity). Financial Times Online: Style. The Fiscal Times Ltd. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
14. ^ "Style Designers". Occupational Outlook Handbook. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
15. ^ "Designers". umsl.edu.
16. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2018-09-10. Retrieved 2018-09-10 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy every bit title (link)
17. ^ The large four way capitals of the world
18. ^ "Paris once again the world's undisputed way capital". The Jakarta Post . Retrieved 2020-eleven-thirty .
19. ^ Holgate, Mark, ′How Anthony Vaccarello Is Making Saint Laurent His Ain′, (February. 13, 2018), Vogue March 2018, https://www.vogue.com/article/anthony-vaccarello-interview-vogue-march-2018-outcome, Retrieved 3 March 2018.
20. ^ Castiglione, Baldassare (1903). The Book of the Courtier (PDF). New York: Charles Scribner'south Sons. p. 103.
21. ^ "En España se viste muy bien". GQ Magazine. December 3, 2018. Retrieved 2020-01-23 .
22. ^ Strijbos, Bram. [fashionweekweb.com "Milan Fashion Week"]. Way United. CS1 maint: url-condition (link)
23. ^ Broun, Samantha (6 Apr 2006). "Designing a global brand". CNN Earth. Archived from the original on 26 October 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2012.
24. ^ "Zurich labels". Zurich labels: Media Information. Zurich Tourism. January 2012. Retrieved 13 May 2012.
25. ^ Anawalt, Patricia Rieff, 1924- (2007). The worldwide history of apparel : with over 1000 illustrations, 900 in color . Thames & Hudson. ISBN978-0-500-51363-vii. OCLC 864489266. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors listing (link)
26. ^ Anawalt, Patricia Rieff, 1924- (2007). The worldwide history of dress : with over thousand illustrations, 900 in color . Thames & Hudson. ISBN978-0-500-51363-seven. OCLC 864489266. {{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
27. ^ ^{a b} Valdiosera, Ramón. "Rosa Mexicano: Moda y Marca." Artes De México, no. 111, 2013, pp. threescore–65.
28. ^ Chassen-López, Francie. "The Traje de Tehuana as National Icon: Gender, Ethnicity, and Fashion in United mexican states." The Americas, vol. 71 no. two, 2014, p. 281-314. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/tam.2014.0134.
29. ^ Kuala Lumpur Style WEEK
30. ^ / Malaysia Fashion Week

Bibliography [edit]

• Breward, Christopher, The culture of style: a new history of fashionable apparel, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0-7190-4125-9
• Hollander, Anne, Seeing through dress, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993, ISBN 978-0-520-08231-1
• Hollander, Anne, Sex activity and suits: the evolution of modern dress, New York: Knopf, 1994, ISBN 978-0-679-43096-4
• Hollander, Anne, Feeding the eye: essays, New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1999, ISBN 978-0-374-28201-1
• Hollander, Anne, Textile of vision: wearing apparel and drape in painting, London: National Gallery, 2002, ISBN 978-0-300-09419-0
• Kawamura, Yuniya, Way-ology: an introduction to Style Studies, Oxford and New York: Berg, 2005, ISBN 1-85973-814-1
• Lipovetsky, Gilles (translated by Catherine Porter), The empire of fashion: dressing modernistic democracy, Woodstock: Princeton Academy Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0-691-10262-seven
• McDermott, Kathleen, Mode for all: why way, invented by kings, now belongs to all of united states of america (An illustrated history), 2010, ISBN 978-0-557-51917-0 — Many mitt-drawn color illustrations, extensive annotated bibliography and reading guide
• Mckay Rosenberg, Dawn, Fashion designer job clarification: Salary, skills, & more. Retrieved May 10, 2021, from https://world wide web.thebalancecareers.com/mode-designer-526016
• Perrot, Philippe (translated past Richard Bienvenu), Fashioning the bourgeoisie: a history of clothing in the nineteenth century, Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994, ISBN 978-0-691-00081-7
• Steele, Valerie, Paris way: a cultural history, (two. ed., rev. and updated), Oxford: Berg, 1998, ISBN 978-ane-85973-973-0
• Steele, Valerie, L years of fashion: new look to now, New Haven: Yale Academy Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0-300-08738-3
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• Sterlacci, Francesca. (n.d.). What is a fashion designer? Retrieved May x, 2021, from https://fashion-history.lovetoknow.com/fashion-clothing-industry/what-is-fashion-designer

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